Are there any artworks, artists, or cultural traditions that you would like to
include in your curriculum but have not because of trepidations about sensitive
subjects? Can you think of any examples? Kachina dolls and totem poles most
likely will come to mind, but, for me, the celebration of Los Dias de los
Muertos, the Mexican Days of the Dead, has much personal appeal.
If you have already decided you have no interest in this
festivity or believe that your administration would not let you teach about it,
please bear with me. Hopefully I can share the true meanings of the celebration
and suggest some usable approaches you might want to try in your classroom and
school.
The two days of Los Dias de los Muertos, the Mexican Days of the Dead,
represent the most important celebration of the year in Mexico, especially in
rural areas. Celebrated on the Catholic holy days of November 1, All Saints'
Day, and November 2, All Souls' Day, the occasion is a joyful time of
remembrance, family reunion, and feasting, as relatives and friends gather
together to honor their loved ones who have died.
According to tradition, it is
believed that the souls of departed children return on November 1 and the souls
of the adults visit on November 2. While some people call this fiesta time “Day
of the Dead,” the plural form better describes the celebration as it spans
several days.
Mexican families save all year to buy the flowers, candles,
incense, and special foods needed for the festivities to properly honor their
dearly departed. No expense is spared in preparing for the Days of the Dead.
Mexican families participate in the construction and decoration of ofrendas (tabletop displays) to honor
their loved ones.
Decorations for the ofrenda may include candles, gifts,
flowers, incense, papel picado (cut
paper banners), photographs, pictures of saints (and often the Virgin of
Guadalupe) and offerings of the favorite food and drink of the deceased.
Mexican marigolds (called zempascuchitl)
and cock’s comb are the flowers most associated with the Days of the Dead. The
marigold is particularly pungent in aroma as is the copal incense that is
burned on the ofrenda and in the
cemetery.
Pan de los Muertos (bread of the dead), candies, and toys are made in the shapes of calavera (skulls and skeletons). The
skeleton or skull is seen as a promise of resurrection, not as a symbol of
death. Calavera toys and papier-mache
skeleton figures depict specific professions, musicians, brides and grooms,
bicycle riders, and other subjects from everyday life. There are rich traditions
in Mexican folk art that incorporate calveras
in many ways. For example, the Linares family of Mexico City is well known for
their fantastic papier-mache calaveras
figures.
In preparation for the fiesta, tombs and gravestones in the
cemeteries are cleaned, freshly-painted, and elaborately decorated by the
members of the community with candles, flowers, breads, fruits, photographs,
and other objects. Since the cemeteries are often in or very near a village or
town, they are not seen as places separate from the community, but as part of
everyday village life.
Though specific practices of the Days of the Dead may vary
from village to village, in most communities the entire village holds vigil in
the cemetery the nights of the Days of the Dead. Each family maintains a vigil
around its graves - graves which are covered with lit candles and flowers, as
many as a family can afford. The entire family, from oldest to newborn, each
dressed in their best clothing, keeps watch, quietly offering prayers until their
candles burn down in the cold night.
Historical and
Cultural Background
The origins of Los Dias de los Muertos in Mexico date back long before the
arrival of the Conquistadors in the 1500s. Concepts of death and afterlife
existed in the Olmec, Toltec, Maya, and Aztec cultures. When the conquering
Europeans introduced Christianity to the native cultures, its rituals and
practices became synthesized with traditional indigenous beliefs. All Saints'
Day and All Souls' Day are holy days celebrated in all Catholic countries, and
the customs and practices of Los Dias de los Muertos developed from this
fusion.
In the United States, misconceptions sometimes arise about Los Dias de los
Muertos because of differing cultural attitudes about death, misinterpretation
of the meaning of symbolic objects such as skeletons and skulls, and the
concurrent dates of the celebration with Halloween. But Los Dias de los Muertos
is not in any way somber, morbid, or macabre.
The United States celebration most like Los Dias de los Muertos is Memorial
Day, a day in which we also honor the dead (though the focus is on military
veterans). Because of the rising rate of immigration to the United States of
people from Mexico and Latin America, the Days of the Dead have recently become
a way to honor Latino traditions.
In addition, many artists such as Carmen Lomas Garza have
spread awareness and popularity of the Days of the Dead through appropriated
images and meanings. In many ways, these concepts have also found expression in
popular culture. Think of the spontaneous offerings of flowers and objects left
in public places to honor and mourn the deaths of loved ones such as traffic
accident victims, Vietnam veterans, and celebrities such as Princess Diana and Selena.
Making Artist
Ofrendas
My favorite classroom method of teaching about the Days of
the Dead is through the creation of artist ofrendas. I have found this secular
approach helpful to teach students about the Days of the Dead without focusing
too much on the religious aspects of the celebration. Other types of memorials
could also be discussed, such as the Lincoln Memorial, the Vietnam Veterans'
Memorial, and memorials to individuals.
Though traditional ofrendas are usually found at home, in
the classroom ofrendas can be created to honor one or more artists (as I do
with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera) rather than student's relatives. Because the
Days of the Dead celebrations in Mexico usually include some form (candy, food,
or toys) of skeletons or skulls, it is important to understand that, in Mexico,
the skeleton does not carry the negative meanings promoted by Hollywood. Instead, it simultaneously laughs in the face of death while serving as a
reminder that all people, both rich and poor, are equal in death.
An ofrenda
can certainly be created without any such images if they would be problematic.
Each individual teacher must decide what approach is best to respect the
sensitivities of his or her students, teachers, and community.
To start, divide students into groups of four to five and assign an artist to
each group. Any artist will do, but if you want to use Mexican artists, some to
consider are Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, Ruffino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueros,
Jose Clemente Orozco, and Tina Modotti. Have groups research the artists’
lives, collect or make items to include on their ofrendas, and create artworks
and written passages based on the chosen artists.
Use small tables for each ofrenda and have students cover
them with fabrics appropriate for the chosen artists. For example, a brightly
colored oilcloth would make a great table cover for an ofrenda to Frida Kahlo,
but an off-white, sedate linen might be more appropriate for an ofrenda to
Leonardo da Vinci.
Other possible items for the ofrendas include real or paper
flowers, candles (you don't have to light them), photographs or self-portraits
of the artist, reproductions of the artist's work, ceramics of different kinds
(bowls, candleholders, and picture frames could be made by students), favorite
foods, candy, and other items that might be associated with each specific
artist.
Ofrendas are often completely covered with objects, so encourage
students to develop a variety of offerings. Display the completed ofrendas as
an educational exhibit with a written explanation of the project and
biography/biographies of the artist/s honored.
Summary
An investigation of the annual celebrations and rituals of
Los Dias de los Muertos offers an opportunity for understanding the true
meaning of this important cultural tradition. Learning about the true meanings
of such celebrations as the Days of the Dead promotes cross-cultural
understanding of the commonalities shared by all people. For the Mexican
people, the celebration marks a reference for life, respect for death, and the
philosophical acceptance of the cycles of life. I invite you to explore Los
Dias de los Muertos with your students.
Extensions/Interdisciplinary Connections
Other non-Mexican artists that are fun to do ofrendas about (because their
works are so familiar) are Georgia O'Keeffe, Leonardo da Vinci, Grant Wood, or
Picasso.
If you can locate someone who is familiar with the Days of the Dead and/or
has a collection of related objects, invite them to speak to your class and/or
bring any appropriate items they may have. For example, when I speak to
classes, I bring in a small table and a suitcase, then unwrap and assemble an
ofrenda while I talk.
Use strips of white construction paper to make three-dimensional skeleton
figures to hang as mobiles. With assorted colors of construction paper, add
details to represent specific characters such as cowboys and cowgirls, artists,
bicycle riders, football players, skateboarders, or any other figures that can
be identified by clothing, hair, and accessories.
Investigate the political cartoons of Jose Guadalupe Posada and create
cartoons with social or political content. Skeletons can be used as the basis
for figures, but encourage students to show interaction between figures, dress
them in contemporary clothing, and make social comments on human behavior.
Instead of using artists as the focus of the ofrendas, have students
memorialize their pets who have died, bringing in photographs to display on the
ofrenda. Include photographs and/or artworks of the dearly departed animals.
Many students will have photos of their pets they may want to display on the
ofrenda and this approach may be more acceptable to administrators and parents.
Resources
Days of the Dead Prints, 12 pieces from the collection of Nancy Walkup, Crystal Productions.
Days of the Dead, teachers’ guide and prints, CRIZMAC Art and Cultural Materials.
Flickering Lights: Days of the Dead, video, CRIZMAC Art and Cultural Materials CRIZMAC Art & Cultural Materials.
Day of the Dead, children’s book by Tony Johnston and Jeanette Winter, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1997.
really impressive stuff. thanks for the posts.
ReplyDeleteThis is a really well thought out description! Nice work.
ReplyDeleteTeacher Kirra:Maestra Kirra
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